Vocational Careers in Humanities | Reservation Job Description | Becoming a Chef | Food Preparation Workers | Hotel Front Desk Agent Jobs

Vocational Careers in Humanities I. Travel Agent and Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents: Overview: Each year, millions of people travel by plane, train, ship, bus, and automobile. Many of these travellers rely on the services of reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel agent. Agents perform functions as varied as selling tickets, confirming reservations, checking baggage, and providing useful travel information. Most reservation agents work for airlines or large hotel chains, helping people plan trips and make reservations. They usually work in reservation call centres, answering telephone or e-mail inquiries and offering travel arrangement suggestions and information such as routes, schedules, fares, and types of accommodations. They also change or confirm transportation and lodging reservations. Most agents use their own company’s reservation system to obtain information needed to make, change, or cancel traveller reservations. Transportation ticket agents are sometimes known as passenger service agents, reservation agent, airport service agents, or ticket sellers. They work in airports and train stations selling tickets, assigning seats to passengers, and providing travelling details. In addition, they may answer inquiries and give directions, examine passports and visas. Travel agents provide travellers information on points of interest, restaurants, overnight accommodations, and availability of emergency services. In some cases, they make rental car, hotel, and restaurant reservations. Agent also may provide assistance in filling out travel documents and answer other travel-related questions. Job Prospects: Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel agent are employed by airlines. Others work for tour operators and reservation services, hotels and other lodging places, and other companies that provide transportation services. II. Chef / Food Preparation Worker: Overview: Chefs, cooks, and food preparation workers prepare, season, and cook a wide range of foods—from soups, snacks, and salads to various dishes, and desserts. They work in a variety of restaurants and other food services establishments. Chefs and cooks create recipes and prepare meals, while food preparation workers peel and cut vegetables, trim meat, prepare poultry, and perform other duties, such as keeping work areas clean and monitoring temperatures of ovens and stovetops. Specifically, chefs and cooks measure, mix, and cook ingredients according to recipes, using a variety of equipment, including pots, pans, cutlery, ovens, broilers, grills, slicers, grinders, and blenders. Chefs and head cooks also are responsible for directing the work of other kitchen workers, estimating food requirements, and ordering food supplies. Larger restaurants and food services establishments tend to have varied menus and larger kitchen staffs. Staffs often include several chefs and cooks, sometimes called assistant or line cooks. Each chef or cook works an assigned station that is equipped with the types of stoves, grills, pans, and ingredients needed for the foods prepared at that station. Job titles often reflect the principal ingredient prepared or the type of cooking performed—vegetable cook, fry cook, or grill cook, for example. These cooks also may direct or work with other food preparation workers. Executive chefs and head cooks coordinate the work of the kitchen staff and direct the preparation of meals. They determine serving sizes, plan menus, order food supplies, and oversee kitchen operations to ensure uniform quality and presentation of meals. An executive chef, for example, is in charge of all food service operations and also may supervise the many kitchens of a hotel, restaurant group, or corporate dining operation. Responsibilities depend on where cooks work. Institution and cafeteria cooks, for example, work in the kitchens of schools, cafeterias, businesses, hospitals, and other institutions. For each meal, they prepare a large quantity of a limited number of entrees, vegetables, and desserts according to preset menus. Meals generally are prepared in advance so diners seldom get the opportunity to special order a meal. Restaurant cooks usually prepare a wider selection of dishes, cooking most orders individually. Grocery and specialty food stores employ chefs, cooks, and food preparation workers to develop recipes and prepare meals for customers to carry out. Typically, main dishes,  salads, or other items are prepared in large quantities and stored at an appropriate temperature. Counter assistants portion and package items according to customer orders for serving at home. Some cooks, called research chefs, combine culinary skills with knowledge of food science to develop recipes for chain restaurants and food processors and manufacturers. They test new formulas and flavours for prepared foods and determine the most efficient and safest way to prepare new foods. Some cooks work for individuals rather than for restaurants, cafeterias, or food manufacturers. These private household cooks plan and prepare meals in private homes according to the client’s tastes or dietary needs. Private chefs are employed directly by a single individual or family or sometimes by corporations or institutions, such as universities and embassies, to perform cooking and entertaining tasks. These chefs are usually live-in and may travel with their employer. Job Prospects: Chefs, cooks, and food preparation workers are usually employed in restaurants and other food services and drinking places. They also worked with institutions such as universities, hospitals, and nursing care facilities. Few of the chefs or cooks may even work with private caterers. III. Hotel or Resort Front Desks Officer: Overview: Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks are always in the public eye and are usually the first line of customer service for a lodging property. Their attitude and behaviour greatly influence the public’s impressions of the establishment. Front-desk clerks perform a variety of services for guests of hotels, and other lodging establishments. Regardless of the type of accommodation, most desk clerks have similar responsibilities. They register arriving guests, assign rooms, and check out guests at the end of their stay. They also keep records of room assignments and other registration-related information on computers. When guests check out, desk clerks prepare and explain the charges and process payments. Desk clerks answer questions about services, checkout times, the local community, or other matters of public interest. They report problems with guest rooms or public facilities to members of the housekeeping or maintenance staff. In larger hotels or in larger cities, desk clerks may refer queries about area attractions and may direct more complicated questions to the appropriate manager. In some smaller hotels and motels where smaller staffs are employed, clerks may take on a variety of additional responsibilities, such as providing all front-office operations, information, and services. For example, they may perform the work of a bookkeeper, advance reservation agent, cashier, laundry attendant, and telephone switchboard operator. Job Prospects:Front Desk Officers are usually hired by hotels, motels, and other establishments in the accommodation industry. Go to Back / Go to Main

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Vocational Careers in Art and Crafts | Visual Arts and Crafts | Arts Career Guide | Fine Art & Craft Degrees | Dressmaker

Vocational Careers in Art and Crafts I. Carpenter and Woodworker (Cabinet and Furniture Maker): Overview: Despite the abundance of plastics and other materials, wood products continue to be useful and popular. Woodworkers help to meet the demand for wood products by creating finished products from lumber. Many of these products are mass produced, such as many types of furniture, kitchen cabinets, and musical instruments. Other products are crafted in small shops that make architectural woodwork, handmade furniture, and other specialty items. Although the term woodworker often evokes images of a craftsman who builds furniture using hand tools, the modern wood industry is highly technical. Some woodworkers still build by hand, but more often, hand tools have been replaced by power tools, and much of the work has been automated. Work is usually done on an assembly line, meaning that most individuals learn to perform a single part of a complex process. Different types of woodworkers are employed in every stage of the building process, from sawmill to finished product. Their activities vary greatly. Production woodworkers set up, operate, and tend all types of woodworking machines. In sawmills, sawing machine operators and tenders set up, operate, or tend wood-sawing machines that cut logs into planks, timbers, or boards. In manufacturing plants, woodworkers first determine the best method of shaping and assembling parts, working from blueprints, supervisors’ instructions, or shop drawings that woodworkers themselves produce. Before cutting, they often must measure and mark the materials. They verify dimensions and may trim parts using hand tools such as planes, chisels, wood files, or sanders to ensure a tight fit. Woodworking machine operators set up, operate, or tend specific woodworking machines, such as drill presses, lathes, shapers, routers, sanders, planers, and wood-nailing machines. Precision or custom woodworkers, such as cabinetmakers and bench carpenters, modelmakers and patternmakers, and furniture finishers, often build one-of-a-kind items. These highly skilled precision woodworkers usually perform a complete cycle of tasks—cutting, shaping, and preparing surfaces and assembling complex wood components into a finished wood product. Precision workers normally need substantial training and an ability to work from detailed instructions and specifications. In addition, they often are required to exercise independent judgment when undertaking an assignment. They may still use heavy machinery and power tools in their everyday work. Job Prospects: Woodworkers are usually self-employed. They can also work in the establishments manufacturing household and office furniture and fixtures. Wood product manufacturers producing a variety of raw, intermediate, and finished woodstock employ woodworkers. II. Tailor and Dress Maker: Overview: Tailor perform specialised hand sewing, and sewing machine operations included in the making of a garment. They work as Cutters (cloth, coats, dresses, pants, etc.), Shop Tailors, and Alteration Tailors. Fabric and apparel patternmakers convert a clothing designer’s original model of a garment into a pattern of separate parts that can be laid out on a length of fabric. After discussing the item with the designer, these skilled workers usually use a computer to outline the parts and draw in details to indicate the positions of pleats, buttonholes, and other features. Patternmakers then alter the size of the pieces in the pattern to produce garments of various sizes, and they may mark the fabric to show the best layout of pattern pieces to minimize waste of material. Once an item’s pattern has been made and marked, mass production of the garment begins. Cutters and trimmers take the patterns and cut out material, paying close attention to their work because mistakes are costly. Following the outline of the pattern, they place multiple layers of material on the cutting table and use an electric knife or other tools to cut out the various pieces of the garment; delicate materials may be cut by hand. In some companies, computer-controlled machines do the cutting. Sewing machine operators join the parts of a garment together and attach buttons, hooks, zippers, and accessories to produce clothing. After the product is sewn, other workers remove lint and loose threads and inspect and package the garments. Tailors or dress makers can even be self-employed specializing in stitching particular types of garments such as womenswear, menswear, bed sheets and curtains etc Job Prospects: Tailor or dress maker are usually self-employed. They can also work with apparel manufacturer, garment factories, and fabric and apparel pattern maker.

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Vocational Careers in Commerce | Vocational Education | B.Com. in Vocational Commerce | Customer Service Advisor | Customer Service Representative

Vocational Careers in Commerce I. Secretaries and Administrative Assistants: As the reliance on technology continues to expand in offices, the role of the office professional has greatly evolved. Office automation and organisationorganisational restructuring have led secretaries and administrative assistants to assume responsibilities once reserved for managerial and professional staff. In spite of these changes, however, the core responsibilities for secretaries and administrative assistants have remained much the same: Performing and coordinating an office’s administrative activities and storing, retrieving, and integrating information for dissemination to staff and clients. Secretaries and administrative assistants perform a variety of administrative and clerical duties necessary to run an organisationorganisation efficiently. They plan and schedule meetings and appointments; organize and maintain paper and electronic files; manage projects; conduct research; and disseminate information by using the telephone, mail services, websites, and e-mail. They also may handle travel and guest arrangements. Secretaries and administrative assistants use a variety of office equipment, such as fax machines, photocopiers, scanners, and videoconferencing and telephone systems. In addition, secretaries and administrative assistants often use computers to do tasks such as: create spreadsheets; compose correspondence; manage databases; and create presentations, reports, and documents using desktop publishing software and digital graphics. They also may negotiate with vendors, maintain and examine leased equipment, purchase supplies, manage areas such as stockrooms or corporate libraries, and retrieve data from various sources. At the same time, managers and professionals have assumed many tasks traditionally assigned to secretaries and administrative assistants, such as keyboarding and answering the telephone. Because secretaries and administrative assistants do less dictation and word processing, they now have time to support more members of the executive staff. In a number of organisationorganisations, secretaries and administrative assistants work in teams to work flexibly and share their expertise. Specific job duties vary with experience and titles. Executive secretaries and administrative assistants provide high-level administrative support for an office and for top executives of an organisationorganisation. Generally, they perform fewer clerical tasks than do secretaries and more information management. In addition to arranging conference calls and supervising other clerical staff, they may handle more complex responsibilities such as reviewing incoming memos, submissions, and reports in order to determine their significance and to plan for their distribution. They also prepare agendas and make arrangements for meetings of committees and executive boards. They also may conduct research and prepare statistical reports. Job Prospects: Secretaries and administrative assistants are employed in organisationorganisations of every type. They are employed in service providing industries, ranging from education and health care to government and retail trade. They may even engage in manufacturing or construction. II. Customer Service Representative/ Call-Centre Agent: Customer Service Representatives are employed by many different types of companies to serve as a direct point of contact for customers. They are responsible for ensuring that their company’s customers receive an adequate level of service or help with their questions and concerns. These customers may be individual consumers or other companies, and their service needs can vary considerably. All customer service representatives / call-centre agent interact with customers to provide information in response to inquiries about products or services and to handle and resolve complaints. Some customer service representatives handle general questions and complaints, whereas others specialisespecialise in a particular area. Many customer inquiries involve routine questions and requests. For example, call-centre agent may be asked to provide a customer with their credit card balance, or to check on the status of an order. However, other questions are more involved, and may require additional research or further explanation on the part of the customer service representative. In handling customers’ complaints, they must attempt to resolve the problem according to guidelines established by the company. These procedures may involve asking questions to determine the validity of a complaint; offering possible solutions; or providing customers with refunds, exchanges, or other offers, like discounts or coupons. Some customer service representatives / call-centre agents help people decide what types of products or services would best suit their needs. They may even aid customers in completing purchases or transactions. They may keep records of transactions and update and maintain databases of information. They spend a lot of their time on the phone, taking orders and resolving any problems or complaints about the merchandise. In some organisationorganisations, customer service representatives spend their entire day on the telephone. In others, they may spend part of their day answering e-mails and the remainder of the day taking calls. Customer service representatives need to remain aware of the amount of time spent with each customer so that they can fairly distribute their time among the people who require their assistance. This is particularly important for those whose primary activities are answering telephone calls and whose conversations are required to be kept within a set time limit. For those working in call centres, there is usually very little time between telephone calls. When working in call centres, customer service representatives are likely to be under close supervision. Telephone calls may be taped and reviewed by supervisors to ensure that company policies and procedures are being followed. Job Prospects: Customer service representatives or call centre agent were employed in administrative and support services. These workers were concentrated in the business support services industry (which includes telephone call centres) and employment services (which includes temporary help services and employment placement agencies). Customer service representatives and call centre agents work in customer service outlets or departments of any organisationorganisation. They are hired by banks, call centres, utilities service provides, food outlets and sales department of any organisationorganisation.

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Vocational Careers in Engineering and Technical Fields | Aeronautical engineering | Civil engineering | Electrical and electronics engineering | Electromechanical engineering

Vocational Careers in Engineering and Technical Fields I. Engineering Technicians: Overview: Engineering Technicians use the principles and theories of science, engineering, and mathematics to solve technical problems in research and development, manufacturing, sales, construction, inspection, and maintenance. Their work is more narrowly focused and application-oriented than that of engineers. Many engineering technicians work as assist engineers, especially in research and development. Others work in quality control, inspecting products and processes, conducting tests, or collecting data. In manufacturing, they may assist in product design, development, or production. Workers who repair or maintain various types of electrical, electronic, or mechanical equipment are called technicians Engineering technicians who work in research and development build or set up equipment; prepare and conduct experiments; collect data; calculate or record results; and help engineers or scientists in other ways, such as making prototype versions of newly designed equipment. They also assist in design work, often using computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) equipment. Aeronautical engineering and operations technicians construct, test, and maintain aircraft and space vehicles. They may calibrate test equipment and determine causes of equipment malfunctions. Using computer and communications systems, aerospace engineering and operations technicians often record and interpret test data. Civil engineering technicians help civil engineers plan and oversee the building of highways, buildings, bridges, dams, wastewater treatment systems, and other structures and do related research. Some estimate construction costs and specify materials to be used, and some may even prepare drawings or perform land-surveying duties. Others may set up and monitor instruments used to study traffic conditions. Electrical and electronics engineering technicians help design, develop, test, and manufacture electrical and electronic equipment such as communication equipment; radar, industrial, and medical monitoring or control devices; navigational equipment; and computers. They may work in product evaluation and testing, using measuring and diagnostic devices to adjust, test, and repair equipment. Electromechanical engineering technicians combine knowledge of mechanical engineering technology with knowledge of electrical and electronic circuits to design, develop, test, and manufacture electronic and computer-controlled mechanical systems. Their work often overlaps that of both electrical and electronics engineering technicians and mechanical engineering technicians. Environmental engineering technicians work closely with environmental engineers and scientists in developing methods and devices used in the prevention, control, or correction of environmental hazards. They inspect and maintain equipment related to air pollution and recycling. Some inspect water and wastewater treatment systems to ensure that pollution control requirements are met. Industrial engineering technicians study the efficient use of personnel, materials, and machines in factories, stores, repair shops, and offices. They prepare layouts of machinery and equipment, plan the flow of work, conduct statistical studies of production time or quality, and analyze production costs. Mechanical engineering technicians help engineers design, develop, test, and manufacture industrial machinery, consumer products, and other equipment. They may assist in product tests by, for example, setting up instrumentation for auto crash tests. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations and estimates, and report on their findings. When planning production, mechanical engineering technicians prepare layouts and drawings of the assembly process and of parts to be manufactured. They estimate labour costs, equipment life, and plant space. Some test and inspect machines and equipment or work with engineers to eliminate production problems. Job Prospects: All engineering technicians work in manufacturing, mainly in the electronic equipment, transportation equipment, and machinery manufacturing industries. They also work in professional and technical service industries, mostly in engineering or business services companies that do engineering work on contract for government, manufacturing firms, or other organisationorganisations. II. Electrician: Overview: Electricians bring electricity into homes, businesses, and factories. They install and maintain the wiring, fuses, and other components through which electricity flows. Many electricians also install and maintain electrical machines in factories. Electricians usually start their work by reading blueprints. Blueprints are technical diagrams that show the locations of circuits, outlets, load centres, panel boards, and other equipment. Electricians generally focus on either construction or maintenance, although many do both. Electricians specializing in construction primarily install wiring systems into factories, businesses, and new homes. Electricians specializing in maintenance work fix and upgrade existing electrical systems and repair electrical equipment. Job Prospects: Electricians are usually employed in the construction industry and the remainder worked as maintenance electricians in other industries.  Few electricians are also self-employed. III. Drafter: Overview: Drafters prepare technical drawings and plans, which are used to build everything from manufactured products such as toasters, industrial machinery, and aircraft to structures such as houses, office buildings, and oil and gas pipelines. In the past, drafters sat at drawing boards and used pencils, pens, compasses, protractors, triangles, and other drafting devices to prepare a drawing by hand. Now, most drafters use Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) systems to prepare drawings. Consequently, some drafters may be referred to as CADD operators. With CADD systems, drafters can create and store drawings electronically so that they can be viewed, printed, or programme directly into automated manufacturing systems. CADD systems also permit drafters to quickly prepare variations of a design. Although drafters use CADD extensively, it is only a tool. Drafters still need knowledge of traditional drafting techniques, in addition to CADD skills. Despite the nearly universal use of CADD systems, manual drafting and sketching are used in certain applications. Drafters’ drawings provide visual guidelines and show how to construct a product or structure. Drawings include technical details and specify dimensions, materials, and procedures. Drafters fill in technical details using drawings, rough sketches, specifications, and calculations made by engineers, surveyors, architects, or scientists. For example, drafters use their knowledge of standardised building techniques to draw in the details of a structure. Some use their understanding of engineering and manufacturing theory and standards to draw the parts of a machine; they determine design elements, such as the numbers and kinds of fasteners needed to assemble the machine. Drafters use technical handbooks, tables, calculators, and computers to complete their work. Drafting work has many specialties: Aeronautical drafters prepare engineering drawings detailing plans and specifications used in the manufacture of aircraft, and related parts. Architectural drafters draw architectural and structural features of buildings and other structures. These workers may specialise in a type of structure, such as residential or commercial, or in a kind of material used, such as reinforced concrete, masonry, steel, or timber. Civil drafters prepare drawings and topographical and relief maps used in major construction or civil engineering projects, such as highways, bridges, pipelines, flood control projects, and water and sewage systems. Electrical drafters prepare wiring and layout diagrams used by workers who erect, install, and repair electrical equipment and wiring in communication centres, power plants, electrical distribution systems, and buildings. Electronics drafters draw wiring diagrams, circuit board assembly diagrams, schematics, and layout drawings used in the manufacture, installation, and repair of electronic devices and components. Mechanical drafters prepare drawings showing the detail and assembly of a wide variety of machinery and mechanical devices, indicating dimensions, fastening methods, and other requirements. Process piping or pipeline drafters prepare drawings used in the layout, construction, and operation of oil and gas fields, refineries, chemical plants, and process piping systems. Job Prospects: Majority of jobs for drafters are in architectural, engineering, and related services firms that design construction projects or do other engineering work on a contract basis for other industries. Few jobs were in manufacturing industries such as machinery manufacturing, including metalworking and other general machinery; fabricated metal products manufacturing, including architectural and structural metals; computer and electronic products manufacturing etc. IV. Surveyors and Mapping Technicians Overview: Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists are responsible for measuring and mapping the Earth’s surface.Surveyors establish official land, airspace, and water boundaries. They write descriptions of land for deeds, leases, and other legal documents; and take measurements of construction and mineral sites. Other surveyors provide data about the shape, contour, location, elevation, or dimension of land or land features. Surveyors measure distances, directions, and angles between points and elevations of points, lines, and contours on, above, and below the Earth’s surface. In the field, they select known survey reference points and determine the precise location of important features in the survey area using specialised equipment. Surveyors also research legal records, look for evidence of previous boundaries, and analyze data to determine the location of boundary lines. They are sometimes called to provide expert testimony in court about their work. Surveyors also record their results, verify the accuracy of data, and prepare plots, maps, and reports. Some surveyors perform specialisespecialised functions closer to those of cartographers and photogrammetrists than to those of traditional surveyors. For example, geodetic surveyors use high-accuracy techniques, including satellite observations, to measure large areas of the earth’s surface. Geophysical prospecting surveyors mark sites for subsurface exploration, usually to look for petroleum. Marine or hydrographic surveyors survey harbours, rivers, and other bodies of water to determine shorelines, the topography of the bottom, water depth, and other features. Surveyors use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to locate reference points with a high degree of precision. To use this system, a surveyor places a satellite signal receiver on a desired point, and another receiver on a point for which the geographic position is known. The receiver simultaneously collects information from several satellites to establish a precise position. The receiver also can be placed in a vehicle for tracing out road systems. Because receivers now come in different sizes and shapes, and because the cost of receivers has fallen, much more surveying work can be done with GPS. Surveyors then interpret and check the results produced by the new technology. Field measurements are often taken by surveying technicians that gathers the information needed by the surveyor. The surveying technicians who may be either a surveyor or a senior surveying technician, leads day-to-day work activities. Surveying technicians assist by adjusting and operating surveying instruments, such as the total station, which measures and records angles and distances simultaneously. Surveying technicians or assistants position and hold the vertical rods, or targets, that the operator sights on to measure angles, distances, or elevations. They may hold measuring tapes if electronic distance-measuring equipment is not used. Surveying technicians compile notes, make sketches, and enter the data obtained from surveying instruments into computers either in the field or at the office. Photogrammetrists and cartographers measure, map, and chart the Earth’s surface. Their work involves everything from performing geographical research and compiling data to producing maps. They collect, analyze, and interpret both spatial data—such as latitude, longitude, elevation, and distance—and nonspatial data—for example, population density, land-use patterns, annual precipitation levels, and demographic characteristics. Their maps may give both physical and social characteristics of the land. They prepare maps in either digital or graphic form, using information provided by geodetic surveys and remote sensing systems including aerial cameras, satellites, and LIDAR. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become an integral tool for surveyors, cartographers and photogrammetrists, and surveying and mapping technicians. Workers use GIS to assemble, integrate, analyze, and display data about location in a digital format. They also use GIS to compile information from a variety of sources. GIS typically are used to make maps which combine information useful for environmental studies, geology, engineering, planning, business marketing, and other disciplines. As more of these systems are developed, many mapping specialists are being called geographic information specialists. Job Prospects: The architectural, engineering, and related services industry—including firms that provided surveying and mapping services to other industries on a contract basis—provided jobs for these workers. Surveyors can work in government department such as highway departments or urban planning and redevelopment agencies. Construction, mining and utility companies also employ surveyors, cartographers, photogrammetrists, and surveying technicians. V. Electrical and Electronic Installer and Repairer: Overview: Businesses and other organisationorganisations depend on complex electronic equipment for a variety of functions. Industrial controls automatically monitor and direct production processes on the factory floor. Transmitters and antennae provide communication links for many organisationorganisations. Electric power companies use electronic equipment to operate and control generating plants, substations, and monitoring equipment. These complex pieces of electronic equipment are installed, maintained, and repaired by electrical and electronics installers and repairers. Installers and repairers, known as field technicians, often travel to factories or other locations to repair equipment. These workers usually have assigned areas in which they perform preventive maintenance on a regular basis. When equipment breaks down, field technicians go to a customer’s site to repair the equipment. Bench technicians work in repair shops located in factories and service centres, fixing components that cannot be repaired on the factory floor. Because repairing components is a complex activity and factories cannot allow production equipment to stand idle, repairers on the factory floor usually remove and replace defective units, such as circuit boards, instead of fixing them. Defective units are discarded or returned to the manufacturer or a specialised shop for repair. Bench technicians at these locations have the training, tools, and parts needed to thoroughly diagnose and repair circuit boards or other complex components. These workers also locate and repair circuit defects, such as poorly soldered joints, blown fuses, or malfunctioning transistors. Electronic home equipment installers and repairers—also called service technicians—repair a variety of equipment. They may specialisespecialise in one type of product, or may be trained in many different ones. The most common products include televisions and radios, stereo components, video cameras, mobile, TV and Refrigerator. They also install and repair home security systems, intercom equipment, satellite television dishes, and home theatre systems etc. Job Prospects: Many repairers worked for utilities; building equipment contractors; machinery and equipment repair shops; electrical and electronics wholesalers; electronics and appliance retailers; motor vehicle and parts dealers; manufacturers of electrical, electronic, and transportation equipment etc. They may even work by setting up their own private repair shops. VI. Machinists: Overview: Machinists use machine tools, such as lathes, milling machines, and machining centres, to produce precision metal parts. Although they may produce large quantities of one part, precision machinists often produce small batches or one-of-a-kind items. They use their knowledge of the working properties of metals and their skill with machine tools to plan and carry out the operations needed to make machined products that meet precise specifications. Machinists first review electronic or written blueprints or specifications for a job before they machine a part. Next, they calculate where to cut or bore into the work piece—the piece of steel, aluminium, titanium, plastic, silicon or any other material that is being shaped. They determine how fast to feed the work piece into the machine and how much material to remove. They then select tools and materials for the job, plan the sequence of cutting and finishing operations, and mark the work piece to show where cuts should be made. After this layout work is completed, machinists perform the necessary machining operations. They position the work piece on the machine tool—drill press, lathe, milling machine, or other type of machine—set the controls, and make the cuts. During the machining process, they must constantly monitor the feed rate and speed of the machine. Machinists also ensure that the work piece is properly lubricated and cooled because the machining of metal products generates a significant amount of heat. The temperature of the work piece is a key concern because most metals expand when heated; machinists must adjust the size of their cuts relative to the temperature. During the cutting process, machinists detect problems by listening for specific sounds—for example, that of a dull cutting tool or excessive vibration. Dull cutting tools are removed and replaced. Cutting speeds are adjusted to compensate for harmonic vibrations, which can decrease the accuracy of cuts, particularly on newer high-speed spindles and lathes. After the work is completed, machinists use both simple and highly sophisticated measuring tools to check the accuracy of their work against blueprints. Some machinists, often called production machinists, may produce large quantities of one part, especially parts requiring the use of complex operations and great precision. Many modern machine tools are computer numerically controlled (CNC). CNC machines, following a computer programme, control the cutting tool speed, change dull tools, and perform all of the necessary cuts to create a part. Frequently, machinists work with computer control programmers to determine how the automated equipment will cut a part. The machinist determines the cutting path, speed of the cut and the feed rate, and the programmer converts path, speed, and feed information into a set of instructions for the CNC machine tool. Job Prospects: Machinists work in manufacturing industries such as machine shops and machinery, motor vehicle and parts, and other transportation equipment manufacturing firms. Maintenance machinists work in most industries that use production machinery. VII. Welder, Soldering and Brazing Worker: Overview: Welding is the most common way of permanently joining metal parts. In this process, heat is applied to metal pieces, melting and fusing them to form a permanent bond. Because of its strength, welding is used in automobile manufacturing, repairing and thousands of other manufacturing activities. Welding also is used to join beams when constructing buildings, bridges, and other structures and to join pipes in pipelines, power plants, and refineries. There are different welding processes that a welder can employ. Some are performed manually, and the work is entirely controlled by the welder. Others are semi-automatic, and the welder uses machinery, such as a wire feeder, to perform welding tasks. Like welders, soldering and brazing workers use molten metal to join two pieces of metal. However, the metal added during the soldering and brazing process has a melting point lower than that of the piece, so only the added metal is melted, not the piece. Soldering uses metals with a melting point below 800 degrees Fahrenheit; brazing uses metals with a higher melting point. Because soldering and brazing do not melt the piece, these processes normally do not create the distortions or weaknesses in the piece that can occur with welding. Soldering commonly is used to join electrical, electronic, and other small metal parts. Brazing produces a stronger joint than does soldering and often is used to join metals other than steel, such as brass. Brazing can also be used to apply coatings to parts to reduce wear and protect against corrosion. Skilled welding, soldering, and brazing workers generally plan work from drawings or specifications and use their knowledge of welding processes and base metals to determine how best to join the parts. Highly skilled welders often are trained to work with a wide variety of materials, such as titanium, aluminium, or plastics, in addition to steel. Welders then select and set up welding equipment, execute the planned welds, and examine welds to ensure that they meet standards or specifications. By observing problems during the welding process, welders can compensate by adjusting the speed, voltage, amperage, or feed of the rod. Some welders have more limited duties, however. They perform routine jobs that already have been planned and laid out and do not require extensive knowledge of welding techniques. Job Prospects:Jobs were concentrated in fabricated metal product manufacturing, transportation equipment manufacturing, machinery manufacturing, architectural and structural metals manufacturing, and construction. VIII. Mechanic and Auto Diesel Mechanics: Overview: Mechanics inspect, maintain, and repair automobiles and light trucks that run on gasoline, or alternative. Automotive service technicians’ and mechanics’ responsibilities have evolved from simple mechanical repairs to high-level technology-related work. The increasing sophistication of automobiles requires workers who can use computerized shop equipment and work with electronic components while maintaining their skills with traditional hand tools. During routine service inspections, technicians test and lubricate engines and other major components. Sometimes technicians repair or replace worn parts before they cause breakdowns or damage the vehicle. Technicians usually follow a checklist to ensure that they examine every critical part. Belts, hoses, plugs, brake and fuel systems, and other potentially troublesome items are watched closely. Service technicians use a variety of tools in their work. They use power tools, such as pneumatic wrenches to remove bolts quickly; machine tools like lathes and grinding machines to rebuild brakes; welding and flame-cutting equipment to remove and repair exhaust systems, and jacks and hoists to lift cars and engines. They also use common hand tools, such as screwdrivers, pliers, and wrenches, to work on small parts and in hard-to-reach places. Technicians usually provide their own hand tools, and many experienced workers have thousands of rupees invested in them. Employers furnish expensive power tools, engine analyzers, and other diagnostic equipment. High technology tools are needed to fix the computer equipment that operates everything from the engine to the radio in many cars. In fact, today most automotive systems, such as braking, transmission, and steering systems, are controlled primarily by computers and electronic components. Automotive service technicians in large shops often specialise in certain types of repairs. For example, transmission technicians and rebuilders work on gear trains, couplings, hydraulic pumps, and other parts of transmissions. Extensive knowledge of computer controls, the ability to diagnose electrical and hydraulic problems, and other specialised skills are needed to work on these complex components, which employ some of the most sophisticated technology used in vehicles.Tune-up technicians adjust ignition timing and valves and adjust or replace spark plugs and other parts to ensure efficient engine performance. They often use electronic testing equipment to isolate and adjust malfunctions in fuel, ignition, and emissions control systems. Diesel service technicians and Auto diesel mechanics, including bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists, repair and maintain the diesel engines that power transportation equipment. Some diesel technicians and mechanics also work on other heavy vehicles and mobile equipment, including bulldozers, cranes, road graders, farm tractors, and combines. Other technicians repair diesel-powered passenger automobiles, light trucks etc. Job Prospects: Automotive service technicians and mechanics works with automotive repair and maintenance shops and automotive dealers. In addition, automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores also employed automotive service technicians. Mechanic can also be self-employed.

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Vocational Careers in Medical Fields | Medical Careers Most In Demand | List of Vocational Medical Careers | Nursing Assistant and Mid-Wives | Surgical Technologis

Vocational Careers in Medical Fields I. Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians: Overview: Cardiovascular technologists and technicians assist physicians in diagnosing and treating cardiac (heart) and peripheral vascular (blood vessel) ailments. Cardiovascular technologists and technicians schedule appointments, perform ultrasound or cardiovascular procedures, review doctors’ interpretations and patient files, and monitor patients’ heart rates. They also operate and care for testing equipment, explain test procedures, and compare findings to a standard to identify problems. Other day-to-day activities vary significantly between specialties. Cardiovascular technologists may specialise in any of three areas of practice: invasive cardiology, echocardiography, or vascular technology. Invasive cardiology. Cardiovascular technologists specializing in invasive procedures are called cardiology technologists. They assist physicians with cardiac catheterization procedures in which a small tube, or catheter, is threaded through a patient’s artery from a spot on the patient’s groin to the heart. The procedure can determine whether a blockage exists in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. The procedure also can help to diagnose other problems. Part of the procedure may involve balloon angioplasty, which can be used to treat blockages of blood vessels or heart valves without the need for heart surgery. Another procedure using the catheter is electrophysiology test, which help locate the specific areas of heart tissue that give rise to the abnormal electrical impulses that cause arrhythmias. Non-invasive technology. Technologists who specialise in vascular technology or echocardiography perform non-invasive tests using. Tests are called “non-invasive” if they do not require the insertion of probes or other instruments into the patient’s body. For example, procedures such as Doppler ultrasound transmit high-frequency sound waves into areas of the patient’s body and then processes reflected echoes of the sound waves to form an image. Technologists view the ultrasound image on a screen and may record the image on videotape or photograph it for interpretation and diagnosis by a physician. As the technologist uses the instrument to perform scans and record images, technologists check the image on the screen for subtle differences between healthy and diseased areas, decide which images to include in the report to the physician, and judge whether the images are satisfactory for diagnostic purposes. They also explain the procedure to patients, record any additional medical history the patient relates, select appropriate equipment settings, and change the patient’s position as necessary. Vascular technology. Technicians who assist physicians in the diagnosis of disorders affecting the circulation are known as vascular technologists or vascular sonographers. Vascular technologists complete patients’ medical history, evaluate pulses and assess blood flow in arteries and veins by listening to the vascular flow sounds for abnormalities, and assure the appropriate vascular test has been ordered. Then they perform a non-invasive procedure using ultrasound instruments to record vascular information such as vascular blood flow, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, cerebral circulation, peripheral circulation, and abdominal circulation. Many of these tests are performed during or immediately after surgery. Vascular technologists then provide a summary of findings to the physician to aid in patient diagnosis and management. Job Prospects: Cardiovascular technologists and technicians work in hospitals (public and private) primarily in cardiology departments. They can even work in offices of physicians, including cardiologists, or in medical and diagnostic laboratories, including diagnostic imaging centres. II. Clinical Laboratory Technicians / Medical Technologist Overview: Clinical laboratory testing plays a crucial role in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Clinical laboratory technologists—also referred to as clinical laboratory scientists or medical technologists—and clinical laboratory technicians, also known as medical technicians or medical laboratory technicians, perform most of these tests. Clinical laboratory personnel examine and analyze body fluids, and cells. They look for bacteria, parasites, and other microorganisms; analyze the chemical content of fluids; match blood for transfusions; and test for drug levels in the blood that show how a patient is responding to treatment. Technologists also prepare specimens for examination, count cells, and look for abnormal cells in blood and body fluids. They use microscopes, cell counters, and other sophisticated laboratory equipment. They also use automated equipment and computerized instruments capable of performing a number of tests simultaneously. After testing and examining a specimen, they analyze the results and relay them to physicians. With increasing automation and the use of computer technology, the work of technologists and technicians has become less hands-on and more analytical. The complexity of tests performed, the level of judgment needed, and the amount of responsibility workers assume depend largely on the amount of education and experience they have. Clinical laboratory technologists usually do more complex tasks than clinical laboratory technicians do. Job Prospects: Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians hold jobs in hospitals. Most of the remaining jobs are in offices of physicians and in medical and diagnostic laboratories. III. Radiology Technologists Overview: Radiology technologists take X-X-rays and administer non-radioactive materials into patients’ bloodstreams for diagnostic purposes. Radiologic technologists also referred to as radiographers, produce X-ray films (radiographs) of parts of the human body for use in diagnosing medical problems. They prepare patients for radiologic examinations by explaining the procedure, removing jewellery and other articles through which X-rays cannot pass, and positioning patients so that the parts of the body can be appropriately radio graphed. To prevent unnecessary exposure to radiation, these workers surround the exposed area with radiation protection devices, such as lead shields, or limit the size of the x-ray beam. Radiographers position radiographic equipment at the correct angle and height over the appropriate area of a patient’s body. Using instruments similar to a measuring tape; they may measure the thickness of the section to be radio graphed and set controls on the x-ray machine to produce radiographs of the appropriate density, detail, and contrast. They place the x-ray film under the part of the patient’s body to be examined and make the exposure. They then remove the film and develop it. In addition to preparing patients and operating equipment, radiologic technologists keep patient records and adjust and maintain equipment. They also may prepare work schedules, evaluate purchases of equipment, or manage a radiology department. Some radiographers specialise in computed tomography (CT), and are sometimes referred to as CT technologists. CT scans produce a substantial amount of cross-sectional X-rays of an area of the body. From those cross-sectional X-rays, a three-dimensional image is made. The CT uses ionizing radiation; therefore, it requires the same precautionary measures that radiographers use with other X-rays. Radiographers also can specialise in Magnetic Resonance Imaging as an MR technologist. MR, like CT, produces multiple cross-sectional images to create a 3-dimensional image. Unlike CT, MR uses non-ionizing radio frequency to generate image contrast. Job Prospects: Radiologic technologists usually work in hospitals. Most other jobs were in offices of physicians; medical and diagnostic laboratories, including diagnostic imaging centres; and outpatient care centres. IV. Surgical Technologist / Operating Room Technician Overview: Surgical technologists, also called scrubs and surgical or operating room technicians, assist in surgical operations under the supervision of surgeons, registered nurses, or other surgical personnel. Surgical technologists are members of operating room teams, which most commonly include surgeons, anaesthesiologists, and nurses. Before an operation, surgical technologists help prepare the operating room by setting up surgical instruments and equipment, sterile drapes, and sterile solutions. They assemble both sterile and non-sterile equipment, as well as check and adjust it to ensure it is working properly. Technologists also get patients ready for surgery by washing, shaving, and disinfecting incision sites. They transport patients to the operating room, help position them on the operating table, and cover them with sterile surgical drapes. Technologists also observe patients’ vital signs, check charts, and help the surgical team put on sterile gowns and gloves. During surgery, technologists pass instruments and other sterile supplies to surgeons and surgeon assistants. Surgical technologists help prepare, care for, and dispose of specimens taken for laboratory analysis and help apply dressings. Some operate sterilizers, lights, or suction machines, and help operate diagnostic equipment. After an operation, surgical technologists may help transfer patients to the recovery room and clean and restock the operating room. Job Prospects: Jobs for surgical technologists are  in hospitals, mainly in operating and delivery rooms. Other jobs were in offices of physicians or dentists who perform outpatient surgery. A few technologists, known as private scrubs, are employed directly by surgeons who have special surgical teams. V. Medical Records and Health Information Technicians Overview: Every time a patient receives health care, a record is maintained of the observations, medical or surgical interventions, and treatment outcomes. This record includes information that the patient provides concerning his or her symptoms and medical history, the results of examinations, reports of X-rays and laboratory tests, diagnoses, and treatment plans. Medical records and health information technicians organize and evaluate these records for completeness and accuracy. Technicians assemble patients’ health information, making sure that patients’ initial medical charts are complete, that all forms are completed and properly identified and authenticated, and that all necessary information is in the computer. They regularly communicate with physicians and other health care professionals to clarify diagnoses or to obtain additional information. Technicians regularly use computer programmes to tabulate and analyze data to improve patient care, better control cost, provide documentation for use in legal actions, or use in research studies. Medical records and health information technicians’ duties vary with the size of the facility where they work. In large to medium-size facilities, technicians might specialise in one aspect of health information or might supervise health information clerks and transcriptionists while a medical records and health information administrator manages the department. In small facilities, a credentialed medical records and health information technician may have the opportunity to manage the department. Technicians who specialise in coding are called health information coders, medical record coders, coder/abstractors, orcoding specialists. These technicians assign a code to each diagnosis and procedure, relying on their knowledge of disease processes. Technicians then use classification systems software to assign the patient to one of several hundred “diagnosis-related groups,” or DRGs. The DRG determines the amount for which the hospital will be reimbursed if the patient is covered by Medicare or other insurance programmes using the DRG system. In addition to the DRG system, coders use other coding systems, such as those required for ambulatory settings, physician offices, or long-term care. Job Prospects: Medical records and health information technicians works in hospitals, offices of physicians, nursing care facilities, and outpatient care centres. Insurance firms that deal in health matters employ a small number of health information technicians to tabulate and analyze health information. Public health departments also employ technicians to supervise data collection from health care institutions and to assist in research. VI. Nursing Assistant and Mid-Wives: Overview: Nursing aides also known as nurse aides, nursing assistants, certified nursing assistants, unlicensed assistive personnel, or hospital attendants provide hands-on care and perform routine tasks under the supervision of nursing and medical staff. Specific tasks vary, with aides handling many aspects of a patient’s care. They often help patients to eat, dress, and bathe. They also answer calls for help, deliver messages, serve meals, make beds, and tidy up rooms. Aides sometimes are responsible for taking a patient’s temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, or blood pressure. They also may help provide care to patients by helping them get into and out of bed and walk, escorting them to operating and examining rooms, or providing skin care. Some aides help other medical staff by setting up equipment, storing and moving supplies, and assisting with some procedures. Aides also observe patients’ physical, mental, and emotional conditions and report any change to the nursing or medical staff. Nurse-midwives provide primary care to women, including gynaecological exams, family planning advice, prenatal care, assistance in labour and delivery, and neonatal care. Job Prospects: Nursing assistance and mid-wives usually employed by hospitals, private clinics and maternity homes. Lady health worker are usually employed by government health department to create health awareness among mass population.

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Technical and Vocational Education in Pakistan | Skill Development in Pakistan | Career guidance | Vocational Training

Vocational Careers Options In Pakistan

Vocational Careers in Pre Medical

Vocational Careers in Pre Engineering

Vocational Careers in Pre Commerce

Vocational Careers in Arts

Vocational Careers in Pre Humanities

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Careers in Sociology and Social Work | Careers for Sociology Majors | Sociology & Social Work | Social work | Choosing a career in social services | Social Service Careers

Careers in Sociology and Social Work Overview:  Social work is an excellent career choice for those who care about human dignity and social justice. Social workers help people overcome social and health problems, such as poverty, mental illness, child abuse and neglect, emotional instability, illness, economic uncertainty, domestic violence, homelessness, and drug abuse. Social work education provides a formal training to people who want to pursue their career as social workers. Programme equipped graduate with the basic knowledge and skills to assist government and private agencies in the development and execution of social welfare programmes. Where to Study: Department of social work, University of Karachi, Karachi http://www.uok.edu.pk BS in social work – 4 years MS in social work – 2 years University of Sindh, Jamshoro   http://www.usindh.edu.pk BA (hons) in Social Work MA in Social Work – 2 years Department of Social Work, University of the Punjab, Lahore http://www.pu.edu.pk MA in Social Work - 2 years Overview of Sociology: Sociology studies the development, structure, and function of human society. Sociologists examine the ways in which social structures and institutions, such as class, family, community, and power influence society. The courses of sociology cover industrial sociology, gerontology and aging, urban sociology, human ecology, social demography, criminology. Sociologist may work as a criminologist, industrial sociologist, urban sociologist, Demographer, social pathologist etc Where to Study: Department of Sociology, University of Karachi, Karachi http://www.uok.edu.pk BS in Sociology – 4 years MS in Sociology– 1 - 2 years MS in Criminological Science - 2 years MS in Population Science– 2 years Department of Sociology, University of Sindh,  Jamshoro http://www.usindh.edu.pk BA (hons) in Sociology MA in Sociology– 1 - 2 years MS in Rural Development – 2 years Department of Social Work, University of the Punjab, Lahore http://www.pu.edu.pk BA (hons) in Sociology– 4 years MA in Sociology– 1 - 2 years MA in Population Science– 2 years Ph D in Sociology - 3 years Department of Social Work and Anthropology University of Peshawar, Peshawar http://www.upesh.edu.pk MA in Sociology and Anthropology– 2 years M Phil and Ph D in Sociology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan   http://www.bzu.edu.pk MSc in Sociology - 2 years M Phil in Sociology National University of Modern Language, Islamabad  http://www.numl.edu.pk M Phil in Sociology - 2 to 3 years Ph D in Sociology - 3 to 5 years Prospects: Social Work: Social worker provides services as a counsellor, or as a therapist, as a caseworker, or as a manager or supervisor in social service agency. Social workers work in schools, hospitals, government offices, and private agencies, public welfare agencies etc. Social worker mostly works with an NGO’s. Sociology: Graduates with a degree in sociology work in academic institutions, public administration, social services, criminal justice systems, and various public and private agencies.

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Careers in Psychology | Branches of Psychology | Forensic psychology | Clinical psychology | Counseling psychology | Educational psychology

Careers in Psychology Overview:  Psychology is the study of the thought processes and behaviour of humans in their interaction with the environment. Psychologists study human perception, thinking, learning, cognition, emotions and motivation, personality, abnormal behaviour, interactions between individuals, and interactions with the environment. In a nut shell, as the field of study it focuses on mental process and human behaviour.Research psychologists investigate the physical, cognitive, emotional, or social aspects of human behaviour. Psychologists in applied fields provide mental health care in hospitals, clinics, schools, or private settings. Psychologists mostly conduct research, formulate hypotheses and collect data to test their validity. They sometimes gather information through controlled laboratory experiments, as well as through administering personality, performance, aptitude, and intelligence tests. Other methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, clinical studies, and surveys. Area of Study: Clinical psychology Investigative Psychology Social psychology Counselling psychology Educational psychology Development and Child Psychology Experimental psychology Health Psychology Industrial-organisational psychology (I/O) Behavioural neuroscience Where to Study: Department of Psychology, University of Karachi, Karachi     http://www.uok.edu.pk BS in Psychology - 4 years MS – 2 years Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Karachi         Diploma in Clinical psychology - 1 year          Bahria Institute of Professional Psychology, PNS Shifa, Karachi     http://www.bahria.edu.pk MA / MSc – 2 years MSc Professional Psychology –2 years Post Magisterial Diploma (PMD)– 1 year in Clinical / Educational / Organisational Psychology. M Phil – 6 months, Ph D– 2/3 years In Clinical / Educational / Organisational Psychology) Department of Psychology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro     http://www.usindh.edu.pk BSc (Hons) MA / MSc -1 to 2 years Department of Psychology, Government College University, Lahore     http://www.qcu.edu.pk MSc Clinical Psychology –2 years Department of Psychology and Applied Psychology / Centre of Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore  http://www.pu.edu.pk MSc in Applied Psychology – 2 years M Phil – 2 years, Ph D – 3 to 5 years Advance Diploma in Clinical Psychology  – 15 months Department of Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan     http://www.bzu.edu.pk M Phil and Ph D in Applied Psychology PGD in Clinical Psychology- 1 year National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-e- Azam University, Islamabad    http://www.qua.edu.pk MSc in Psychology M Phil and Ph D in Psychology Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar    http://www.upesh.edu.pk   BSc (Hons)- 4 years MSc in Counselling/ Clinical/Assessment –     1 year M Phil and Ph D – 3 years Prospects: Psychologists can serve in various educational institutions, counselling and guidance centres, rehabilitation centre, research organisations, business enterprises, industrial concerns, hospitals and NGOs. Psychologists also work in human resources department of both public and private organisation. At present the major occupations available to psychologists are undergraduate and graduate teaching, assessment and clinical work. The armed forces and the Federal and Provincial Public Service Commissions carry out assessment and selection work in public sector. These organisations develop tests and carry out researches in accordance with their requirement. They offer good employment opportunities for psychologists. Hospital is another good source of employment for clinical psychologist. Some psychologists also practice psychotherapy. Psychologists working in hospitals usually work under a psychiatrist. Another field in which some psychologists are employed is research. At present the National Institute of Psychology is the only organisation which has been created specifically for   research. However, many other organisations have psychologists as researchers. Psychologist usually works in any of the following area: Clinical psychology Counselling Developmental psychology Experimental/Research psychology Forensic psychology Health psychology Industrial and organisational psychology Social psychology Educational Psychology Child Psychology Investigative Psychology Criminology

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